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Mesopotamia time line.3500B.C.Cities growing acrossMesopotamia3400B.C.3300B.C.3200B.C.Pictographicrecord keeping3100B.C.3000B.C.Signs used to writeSumerian2900B.C.2800B.C.Legendary ancienh likeGilgamesh2700B.C.2600B.C.Royal Tombsof Ur2500B.C.2400B.C.Signs becomecuneiform2300B.C.Sumerian cities united byKing Sargon of Agade (Akkad)2200B.C.Agade Empire expands and declines2100B.C.Urbecomes the capital of a new empire2000B.C.Ur destroyed byElamitesand Amorites1900B.C.Akkadianbecomes the main spokenand written language1800B.C.Hammurabiunites much of Mesopotamia1700B.C.1600B.C.Hittitesraid Babylon1500B.C.Mitannian Empirecontrols north MesopotamiaKassites�control south Mesopotamia1400B.C.1300B.C.Assyriansconquermuch of Mesopotamia1200B.C.1100B.C.AramaeanandChaldaean tribesbecome important1000B.C.Assyrians begin reconquest of Mesopotamia900B.C.KingAshurnasirpal IIhas Nimrud built800B.C.700B.C.KingSennacheribhas Nineveh builtEgypt�conquered by Assyria600B.C.Assyria destroyed byChaldeansBabylon rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II500B.C.Mesopotamia becomes part of theAchaemenid Persian�empire400B.C.Alexander the Greatdefeats the Persians300B.C.Seleucidempire established200B.C.Parthianempire established100B.C.0A.D.Last dateable cuneiform tablet (A.D.

75)100A.D.200A.D.Sasanianempire established300A.D.400A.D.500A.D.600A.D.Islamic conquest700A.D.Abbasiddynastyestablished at Baghdad800A.D.900A.D.1000A.D.1100A.D.1200A.D.Baghdad destroyed byMongols1300A.D.1400A.D.1500A.D.Ottomanempire established1600A.D.1700A.D.1800A.D.First excavations in Mesopotamia1900A.D.Countries ofIraqand Syria�founded2000A.D. Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization LinksOverview and TimelineGeographyLanguage and WritingGovernmentWarfareReligionEconomy and SocietyScience and TechnologyArt and CultureAncient Mesopotamia's place in world historyHistory Maps<< History ArticleMaps telling the story of Ancient MesopotamiaOverview and Timeline of Ancient Mesopotamian CivilizationMesopotamia is one of the cradles of human civilization.

Here, the earliest cities in world history appeared, about 3500 BC.Timeline of Ancient Mesopotamian civilization:c. 5000-3500 BC: The first city-states gradually develop in southern Mesopotamia.

This is the achievement of the Sumerian people.c. 3500: Writing begins to be developed. At first this is based on pictograms, and takes about a thousand years to evolve into a full cuneiform script.c. 2300: King Sargon of Akkad starts conquering the first empire in world history. The empire reaches its height in c.

2220.c. 2100: The city of Ur becomes the centre of a powerful Mesopotamian state. It soon falls into decline. This marks the decline of the Sumerians as the Amorites, a nomadic people, start moving into Mesopotamia.1792-49: King Hammurabi of Babylon conquers a large empire.

Hammurabi is famous for the law code which he issues. His empire begins to decline immediately after his death.c. 1530: Babylonia is conquered by the Kassites, who rule the area for 400+ years.c.

1500: The Mitanni, an Indo-European people, conquer northern Mesopotamia, plus ancieht of Syria and Asia Minor. After 200 years the kingdom of Assyria conquers northern Mesopotamia from the MitanniFrom 1100: Nomadic peoples such as the Aramaeans and the Chaldeans overrun much of Mesopotamia. The kingdoms of Babylon and Assyria go into temporary decline.Please see the articles on Assyrian civilization�and Ancient Babylonian civilization for later developments within Mesopotamia.Geography of Ancient Mesopotamia"Mesopotamia" is a Greek word meaning, "Land between the Rivers".

The region is a vast, dry plain through which two great rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris, flow. These rivers rise in mountain ranges to the north before flowing through Mesopotamia to the sea. As they approach the sea, the land becomes marshy, with lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks. Today, the rivers unite before they empty into the Persian Gulf, but in ancient times the sea came much further inland, and they flowed into it as two separate streams.Map of Mesopotamia in about 3500 BC(The first of a sequence of maps covering Mesopotamia's history)The land is too dry to grow many crops on.

As a result, much of it has been - and is still - home to herders of sheep and goat. These nomads move from the river pastures in the summer to the desert fringes in the winter, which get some rain at this time of year. At various times they have had a large impact on Mesopotamian history.Near the rivers themselves, the soil is extremely fertile. Mesopotania is made up of rich mud brought down by the rivers from the mountains, and deposited over a wide area during the spring floods.

When watered by means of irrigation channels, it makes some of the best farmland in the world.The marshy land near the sea also makes very productive farmland, once it had been drained. Here, the diet is enriched by the plentiful supply of fish to had from the lagoons and ponds.It is this geography which gave rise to the earliest civilization in world history.

Agriculture is only possible in the dry climate of Mesopotamia by means of irrigation. With irrigation, however, farming is very mesopotama indeed. A dense population grew up here along the Tigris and Euphrates and their branches in the centuries after 5000 BC. By 3500 BC, cities had appeared. The surplus food grown in this fertile landscape enabled the farming societies to feed a class of people who did not need to devote their lives to agriculture.

These were the craftsmen, priests, scribes, administrators, rulers and soldiers who made civilization possible.Language and Writing of Ancient MesopotamiaAt the time when civilization first arose in Mesopotamia, the population was timsline into two distinct groups: those who spoke Sumerian (a language unrelated to any modern language), and those who spoke Semitic dialects (related to modern Arabic and Hebrew).

It was the Sumerian-speakers who lived near the great rivers, and it was they who built the first cities. Their timelie therefore became the first to be written down in world history.The first script to be used was based on pictures, and is therefore known as "pictographic". They first appeared around 3500 BC.

By 3000 BC the pictograms (of which there were more than a thousand) had become highly stylized, and were losing their original meanings. They were gradually becoming more "phonetic" - that is, reflecting spoken words. Finally, around 2500 BC, the script had evolved into "cuneiform" - or wedge-shaped - writing. This was written by means of triangular-tipped stylus tools being pressed onto wet clay, and the symbolsPart of a series on theHistory of IraqAncient Mesopotamia� Sumer� Assyria� Akkadian Empire� Babylonia� Neo-Assyrian Empire� Neo-Babylonian Empire� Median KingdomClassical antiquity� Achaemenid Assyria� Seleucid Babylonia� Parthian Babylonia� Roman Mesopotamia� Sasanian AsorestanMiddle Ages� Islamic conquest� Rashidun Caliphate� Umayyad Caliphate� Abbasid Caliphate� Hamdanids� Buyid amirate of Iraq� Marwanids� Uqaylids� Al-Mazeedi� Ayyubids� Seljuk Empire� Zengids� Ilkhanate� Jalairid Sultanate� Kara Koyunlu� Aq QoyunluEarly modern period� Safavids� Ottoman Iraq� Mamluk dynastyModern Iraq� Mandatory Iraq� Kingdom of Iraq� Republic (1958�68)� Ba'athist rule (1968�2003)� Occupation (2003�11)� Recent historyIraq portal � v� t� eThe history of Mesopotamia describes the history of the area known as Mesopotamia, roughly coinciding with the Tigris�Euphrates basin, from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Palaeolithic period up to the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD.

This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after timmeline introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. While in the Paleolithic and early Neolithic periods only parts of Upper Mesopotamia were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period.

Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the Anciebt Bronze Age, for which reason it is often dubbed the cradle of civilization.

The rise of the mesopotajia cities in southern Mesopotamia dates to the Chalcolithic ( Uruk period), from c. 5300 BC; its regional independence ended with the Achaemenid conquest in 539 BC, although a few native neo-Assyrian kingdoms existed at different times, namely Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra. Contents� jesopotamia Short outline of Mesopotamia� 1.1 Chronology and periodization� 2 Prehistory� 2.1 Pre-Pottery Neolithic period� 2.2 Chalcolithic period� 3 Third millennium BC� 3.1 Jemdet Nasr period� 3.2 Early Dynastic period� 3.3 Akkadian Empire� 3.4 Timsline III period� 4 Second millennium BC� 4.1 Old Assyrian Period� 4.2 Isin-Larsa, Old Babylonian and Shamshi-Adad I� 4.3 Middle Assyrian Period and Empire� 4.4 Kassite dynasty of Babylon� 4.5 Hurrians� 4.6 Hittites� 4.7 Bronze Age mesopotammia 5 First millennium BC� 5.1 Neo-Assyrian Empire� 5.2 Neo-Babylonian Empire� 5.3 Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity� 6 See also� 7 Notes� 8 References� 9 Bibliography� 10 Further readingShort outline of Mesopotamia [ edit ] Map showing the extent of MesopotamiaMesopotamia literally means "(Land) between rivers" in ancient Greek.

The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BC, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria. [1] Later it was more generally applied to anclent the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria time,ine also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey.

[2] The ancient mesopotamia timeline steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. [3] [4] [5] A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia. [6] Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jezirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad.

[3] Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. [6] In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation. It is usually used to designate the area until the Arab Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD, with Arabic names like Syria, Jezirah and Iraq being used to describe the region after that date.

[2] [7] [nb 1] Chronology and periodization [ edit ] Further information: Chronology of the ancient Near Anncient, ASPRO chronology, and Dating methodologies in archaeologyTwo types of chronologies can be distinguished: a relative chronology and an mesooptamia chronology. The former establishes the order of phases, periods, cultures and reigns, whereas meeopotamia latter anncient their absolute age expressed in years.

In archaeology, relative chronologies are established by carefully excavating archaeological sites and reconstructing their stratigraphy � the order ancient mesopotamia timeline which layers were deposited. In general, newer remains are deposited on top of older material. Absolute chronologies are established by dating remains, or the layers in which they are found, through absolute dating methods. These methods include radiocarbon dating and the written record that can provide year names or calendar dates.

By combining absolute and relative dating methods, a chronological framework has been built for Mesopotamia that still incorporates many uncertainties but that also continues to be refined. [8] [9] In this framework, many prehistorical and early historical periods have been defined on the basis of material culture that is thouTimeline History >> Ancient MesopotamiaAncient Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization.

The first cities and empires formed here.As you will see from the timeline, power changed hands many times throughout the ancient history of this area.

It went from the Sumer to the Akkadians to the Babylonians to the Emsopotamia back to the Babylonians back to the Assyrians and finally to the Persians.5000 BC - The Sumer form the first towns and cities.

They use irrigation to farm large areas of land.4000 BC - The Sumer establish powerful city-states building large ziggurats at the center of their cities as temples to their gods.3500 Timeeline - Much of lower Mesopotamia is inhabited by numerous Sumer city-states such as Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Kish, Lagash, and Nippur.3300 BC - The Sumerians invent the first writing.

They use pictures for words and inscribe them on clay tablets.3200 BC - The Sumerians begin to use the wheel on vehicles.3000 BC - The Sumerians start to implement mathematics using a number system with the base 60.2700 BC - The famous Sumerian King Gilgamesh rules the city-state of Ur.2400 BC - The Sumerian language ancuent replaced by the Akkadian language as the primary spoken language in Mesopotamia.2330 BC - Sargon I of the Akkadians conquers most of the Sumerian city states and creates the world's timelie empire, the Akkadian Empire.2250 BC - King Naram-Sin of the Akkadians expands the empire to its largest state.

He will rule for 50 years.2100 BC - After the Akkadian Empire crumbles, the Sumerians once again gain power. The city of Ur is rebuilt.2000 BC - The Elamites capture Ur.1900 BC - The Assyrians rise to power in northern Mesopotamia.1792 BC - Hammurabi becomes king of Babylon. He establishes the Code of Hammurabi and Babylon soon takes over much of Mesopotamia.1781 Medopotamia - King Shamshi-Adad of the Assyrians dies.

The First Assyrian Empire is soon taken over by the Babylonians.1750 BC - Hammurabi dies and the First Babylonian Empire begins to fall apart.1595 BC - The Kassites take the city of Babylon.1360 BC - The Assyrians once again rise in power.1250 BC - The Assyrians begin to use iron weapons and chariots.1225 BC - The Assyrians capture Babylon.1115 BC - The Second Assyrian Empire reaches its peak under the rule of King Tiglath-Piliser I.1077 BC - Tiglath-Piliser dies and the Assyrian Empire becomes weaker for a time.744 BC - The Assyrian Empire becomes strong once again under the rule of Tiglath-Piliser III.721 BC - King Sargon II takes control of Assyria.

The empire grows stronger.709 BC - Sargon II takes control of the city of Babylon.705 BC - Sargon II dies and Sennacherib becomes king. He moves the capital to Nineveh.668 BC - Ashurbanipal becomes the last great King of Assyria. He establishes a great library in the city of Nineveh.626 BC - Ashurbanipal dies and Assyria begins to crumble.616 BC - Nabopolassar takes control of Babylon back from the Assyrians and crowns himself king.

The neo-Babylonian empire begins.604 BC - Nabopolassar dies and Nebuchadnezzar II becomes King of Babylon. He will rule for 43 years and bring the Babylonian Empire to its peak.550 BC - Cyrus the Great rises to power and the Persian Empire begins.539 BC - Cyrus the Great takes the city of Babylon and lets the Jewish people return to Israel.522 BC - Darius I becomes King of Persia. He expands the empire and divides it up into states each ruled by a governor called a timsline BC - Darius I establishes the capital of the Persian Empire at Persepolis.490 BC - Darius I attacks the Greeks.

He is defeated at the Battle of Marathon.480 BC - Xerxes I tries to conquer the Greeks with a huge army. He is eventually turned back in defeat.333 BC - Alexander the Great invades the land and conquers the Persian Empire.Learn More about Ancient Mesopotamia:OverviewTimeline of MesopotamiaGreat Cities of MesopotamiaThe ZigguratScience, Inventions, and TechnologyAssyrian ArmyPersian WarsGlossary and TermsCivilizationsSumeriansAkkadian EmpireBabylonian EmpireAssyrian EmpirePersian EmpireCultureDaily Life of MesopotamiaArt and ArtisansReligion and GodsCode of HammurabiSumerian Writing and CuneiformEpic of GilgameshPeopleFamous Kings of MesopotamiaCyrus the GreatDarius IHammurabiNebuchadnezzar IIWorks CitedHistory >> Ancient Mesopotamia HomeworkAnimalsMathHistoryBiographyMoney and Ancient mesopotamia timeline Rights LeadersEntrepreneursExplorersInventors and ScientistsWomen LeadersWorld LeadersUS PresidentsUS HistoryNative AmericansColonial AmericaAmerican RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionAmerican Civil WarWestward ExpansionThe Great DepressionCivil Rights MovementPre-1900s1900 to PresentUS GovernmentUS State HistoryScienceBiologyChemistryEarth SciencePhysicsWorld HistoryAncient AfricaAncient ChinaAncient EgyptAncient GreeceAncient MesopotamiaAncient RomeMiddle AgesIslamic EmpireRenaissanceAztec, Maya, IncaFrench RevolutionWorld War 1World War 2Cold WarArt HistoryGeographyUnited StatesAfricaAsiaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaOceaniaSoDateEvent5000 BCThe first people move inPeople called the Sumer moved into the land called Mesopotamia.

They planted crops anxient began farming the land.4000 BCThe Sumer build temples to their godsThe Sumer people built temples called ziggurats to worship their gods. They began building large and powerful cities.3300 BCThe written language is inventedThe Sumer people began using pictures for words, and they would draw the pictures to write sentences.3200 BCThe wheel is inventedAs the people became smarter and learned more, they invented more items. They invented the wheel to make their vehicles roll.2330 BCMesopotamia gets new rulersThe Sumerian people were taken over by the Akkadians.

The Akkadians established the Akkadian Empire.1900 BCAnother change of power happensThe Assyrians came in and defeated timellne land's rulers, making Mesopotamia come under Assyrian rule.1792 BCBabylon moves into powerHammurabi, the Babylonian king, took power of Mesopotamia.1750 BCThe Babylonians lose their powerAfter the death of King Hammurabi the land fell apart. It was taken over by the Kassites in 1595.1250 BCThe people begin to use iron in their inventionsThe Assyrians eventually took back the land of Mesopotamia.

They began using iron to make stronger weapons and chariots.705 BCThe capital city is namedNineveh became the capital city of the Assyrian's land.668 BCThe great library is builtAfter Nineveh was named the capital, the rulers of the land built a huge library there.550 BCThe Persians take over MesopotamiaUnder the king Cyrus the Great, the Persians took control of the land.

He ancient mesopotamia timeline the Jewish slaves to return to their land of Israel.522 BCThe land is divided into statesDarius I became the ruler and he divided the land into different states. He called them satraps.490 BCThe Greeks take rule of MesopotamiaWhile still under the lead of Darius I, the Greeks moved in and took rule.333 BCAlexander the Great is leaderThe famous Alexander the Great mesopotami through the land and took control.

It was the end of Mesopotamia's seat as the world's powers.Mesopotamia Timeline Search Options�� Any size� Large� Medium� Icon�� Any color� Full color� Black and white� Transparent�� Any type� Face� Photo� Clip art� Line drawing� Animated�� Any time� Past 24 hours� Past week�� Not filtered by license� Labeled for reuse with modification� Labeled for reuse� Labeled for noncommercial reuse with modification� Labeled for noncommercial reuseReset tools en.wikipedia.orgEarly Dynastic period[edit]731 ? 1037 - 89k�-�png6thsocialstudiesmcgint.

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If you are unable to access Flash content, you may refer to the text listing below which has links to browse objects related to each time period within the collection. Prehistory250,000 - 6000 BC, 11 ArtifactsEarly humans migrated out of Africa and lived a nomadic lifestyle hunting and gathering food as they moved.

Eventually they built villages in Mesopotamia and began to raise animals and harvest crops. From Villages to Towns6000 - 4000 BC, 2 ArtifactsOver this span of time, people settled in Mesopotamia and went from dwellingin small villages to living in mespotamia surrounded by smaller supporting communities. The First Cities4000 - 2900 BC, 8 ArtifactsSome towns grew into large cities with temples, palaces, and many homes. The Sumerians invented a writing system and quickly grew to become the first literate urban civilization in the ancient world.

City-States2900 - 2350 BC, 23 ArtifactsSouthern Sumerian city-states shared the same mesopotaima and culture, but they often fought over land and water rights. At this time nomadic desert people, the Akkadians and Amorites migrated into Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire2350 - 2150 BC, 14 ArtifactsKing Sargon of Akkad established control of southern Mesopotamia by 2330 BC The Akkadians controlled all of Mesopotamia and parts of Syria and Iran.

They adopted many Sumerian customs including the cuneiform writing system, but they adapted it to their own language. The Sumerian Revival2100 - 2000 BC, 10 ArtifactsAfter the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, King Ur-Nammu reunited Mesopotamia and revived Sumerian traditions for another century.

Sumerians and Akkadians enjoyed equal protection under a common law, and it was a great time of peace and prosperity. Rival Kingdoms2000 - 1600 BC, 23 ArtifactsAt this time Mesopotamia divided into rival city-states. Hammurabi, King of Babylon, united most of Timelind and established laws and courts for settling disputes.

The city of Babylon became an important economic center in southern Mesopotamia. An International Age1600 - 1000 BC, 7 ArtifactsMesopotamia became a crucial link in a growing world trade economy between the east and west. The Mesopotamians also established diplomatic relations with other lands. Assyria, in the north, emerged as the dominant military force in Mesopotamia. A period of political and economic crisis swept himeline region after 1200 BC causing severe upheavals in Assyria and Babylonia.

Late Empires900 - 539 BC, 25 ArtifactsBy the 7th century BC, the Assyrian Empire grew to become the largest the world had ever known, stretching from Egypt to Iran. Babylon reemerged as a world power after defeating the Assyrians in 612 BC The arts and sciences flourished during this period, and Babylon became the largest city in the ancient world.

After the fall of Babylon539 BC - 700 AD, 6 ArtifactsMesopotamian dominance ended with the fall of Babylon to the Persians in 539 BC Persian kings ruled the largest most efficiently organized empire in the ancient world. Southern Mesopotamia flourished and Babylon served as the winter residence of the Persian court. In ancient mesopotamia timeline BC, Alexander the Great conquered Babylon and ushered in an era of Greek control over much of the Middle East.

Iranian dynasties controlled Mesopotamia until the Islamic conquest. A universally accepted chronology for the entire ancient Near East remains to be established. On the basis of the Royal Canon of Ptolemy, a second century A.D. astronomer, regnal dates can be determined with certainty in Babylonia only as far back as 747 B.C. (the accession of King Nabonassar). Through the use of excavated royal annals and chronicles, together with lists of annually appointed limmu-officials, the chronology of Assyria can be confidently extended back to 911 B.C.

(the accession of King Adad-nirari II). The earliest certain link with Egypt is timelije B.C., the date of the Assyrian sack of the Egyptian capital at Thebes. Although it is often possible to locate earlier events quite precisely relative to each other, neither surviving contemporary documents nor scientific dating methods such as carbon 14, dendrochronology, timwline, and archaeoastronomy are able to provide the required accuracy to fix these events absolutely in time.

The West Asian portion of the Timeline therefore employs the common practice of using, without prejudice, the so-called Middle Chronology, where events are dated relative to the reign ancient mesopotamia timeline King Hammurabi of Babylon, which is defined as being ca. 1792�1750 B.C.By 8000 B.C., agricultural communities are already established in northern Mesopotamia, the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent. Early in the sixth millennium B.C., farming communities, relying on irrigation rather than rainfall, settle ever further south along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

As these new communities grow, monumental architecture and more elaborate forms of artistic representation reflect an increasingly differentiated social hierarchy. Forms of administration and recording are developed as cities emerge across the region, especially in the south. By 2500 B.C., cuneiform inscriptions describe rivalry between city-states, with rulers building temples and palaces decorated with royal imagery proclaiming their power.

Within two centuries, the city-states timepine Mesopotamia are unified by Sargon of Akkad, who creates the first empire. Key Events� ca. 8000�7000 B.C.The first evidence of domesticated grains (wheat and barley) and animals (sheep, goat, pig, and cattle) are found at Jarmo.

Baked clay female figures occur at Mureybit.� abcient. 7000�6000 B.C.The earliest pottery is made and used for preparing, serving, and storing food.

A particular style of pottery found in northern Mesopotamia is named after the site of Hassuna where it was first identified. It is decorated with incised lines and is lightly fired.� ca. 6000�5000 B.C.Some early types of handmade pottery, particularly the styles named after the sites of Samarra� and Halaf, are painted with elaborate polychrome geometric designs.

Clay impressions of carved stamp seals are found at Sabi Abyad in northeastern Syria. These sealings, originally applied to a variety of containers, are thought to indicate some measure of administrative control.� ca. 5000�4000 B.C.Ubaid culture, characterized by its distinctive painted pottery made on a slow wheel, arises in the south.

As the culture spreads, local pottery styles are replaced throughout Mesopotamia extending mmesopotamia the eastern Mediterranean, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Throughout the period, a sequence of ever more massive mud-brick temples is constructed at the site of Eridu.� ca. 4000�3500 B.C.Smaller Ubaid villages gradually give way to fewer but larger settlements in the south. From this emerges the Uruk culture, marked by mass-produced pottery made on a fast wheel or in a mold.� ca. 3500�3000 B.C.Cities emerge throughout the region, with the largest concentration in the south. These cities are centered around monumental mud-brick temples set on high platforms.

At the largest city, Uruk, walls and massive columns of some buildings are decorated with mosaics of colored stone or anicent cones embedded in plaster. Stone carving reaches new heights of artistry, with representations of humans, animals, and possibly deities.

They are shown both in the round and in relief and range from tiny amulets mesopotamka nearly lifesize sculpture. An increasingly centralized economy and stratified society generates new administrative practices. Variously shaped clay tokens used for record keeping slowly disappear with the development of cuneiform writing, which uses a reed stylus to incise and later impress signs on clay tablets.

Accompanying these changes, stamp seals are largely replaced by cylinder seals, which allow for a wider repertoire of designs and motifs. Representational images such as the �priest king,� found at Uruk, are also mesoppotamia on seals and carvings in Egypt and Iran.� ca. 3000�2350 B.C.The first palaces are built throughout Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic period, indicating a new emphasis on royal authority.

Politically, the landscape is controlled by a series of rivalrous city-states ruled by Sumerian speakers. Excavated objects and texts demonstrate the existence of long-distance trade betwee� Encyclopedia� Index� Timeline� Explore� Videos� Images� Tools� Ancient Atlas� Weights & Measures� Random Page� Latin Dictionary� Contribute� Submissions� Needed Content� Style Guide� Terms & Conditions� Join the Team� etc� Travel� Culture� Photos� Exhibitions� Interviews� Education� About� About� Editorial Team� Contact� Privacy� Sponsors� Advertisements� Support Us� Membership� How to Help� Donate� Bookshop� AHE Shop� Login� Login� Register Muslim Conquest of Mesopotamia.Visual TimelineTo navigate the timeline, click and drag it with your mouse, or click on the timeline overview on the bottom.Legend: Arts & Culture Cities & Buildings Civilization & Science Migration & Trade Nature & Climate Philosophy & Religion Mesopoyamia & Politics States & Territories War(fare) & Battles 262�CE - 266�CE: Odaenathus expels Persian garrisons and restores Syria and Armenia to the Roman Empire.

Odaenathus invades Mesopotamia, and inflicts two defeats upon Shapur I, which ends with the sack of Ctesiphon. Categories: Arts & Culture Cities & Buildings Civilization & Science Migration & Trade Nature & Climate Philosophy & Religion Rulers & Politics States & Territories War(fare) & BattlesSelect: all / mesopotwmia Rights Reserved (2009-2016) by Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited, a non-profit organization registered in the UK.The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark.Design by VOX.